Evidence Atlas

Biomarker catalog

AtlasDatabaseTrialsHealthspan modelLive data

Read before using these ranges

The ranges below are illustrative longevity-medicine targets, not universal clinical cut-offs. They are tighter than most laboratory reference intervals, which describe what is common in a population rather than what is optimal.

Interpretation depends on age, sex, ancestry, medication, pregnancy, acute illness, assay method and the trajectory of your own prior results — a single value in isolation means little. Discuss any result with a qualified clinician who knows your history. Nothing on this page is medical advice or a diagnosis.

Catalog

19 markers

Epigenetic Clocks

  • Epigenetic Clocksyears

    Horvath Clock (DNAm Age)

    Multi-tissue DNA methylation age predictor based on 353 CpG sites. The gold standard epigenetic clock.

    Illustrative optimal range
    ≤ chronological age
    Clinical significance
    Acceleration predicts all-cause mortality, cancer risk, and cognitive decline.
    Testing interval
    Annually
  • Epigenetic Clocksyears

    GrimAge

    Second-generation epigenetic clock trained on mortality outcomes. Incorporates smoking pack-years and plasma protein surrogates.

    Illustrative optimal range
    ≤ chronological age
    Clinical significance
    Strongest predictor of lifespan and healthspan among epigenetic clocks.
    Testing interval
    Annually
  • Epigenetic Clocksyears/year

    DunedinPACE

    Pace of aging clock measuring biological aging rate. A value of 1.0 means aging at the expected rate.

    Illustrative optimal range
    < 1.0
    Clinical significance
    Measures speed of aging rather than cumulative damage. Responsive to lifestyle interventions.
    Testing interval
    Every 6–12 months
  • Epigenetic Clockskb

    Telomere Length

    Mean leukocyte telomere length measured by qPCR or Flow-FISH. Shortens with age and cellular stress.

    Illustrative optimal range
    > 7.0 kb (age-adjusted)
    Clinical significance
    Short telomeres linked to cardiovascular disease, cancer, and immunosenescence.
    Testing interval
    Annually

Inflammatory Panel

  • Inflammatory Panelmg/L

    hs-CRP

    High-sensitivity C-reactive protein. A general marker of systemic inflammation produced by the liver.

    Illustrative optimal range
    < 1.0 mg/L
    Clinical significance
    Elevated levels predict cardiovascular events, diabetes, and all-cause mortality.
    Testing interval
    Every 3–6 months
  • Inflammatory Panelpg/mL

    Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

    Pro-inflammatory cytokine central to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).

    Illustrative optimal range
    < 1.8 pg/mL
    Clinical significance
    Key driver of inflammaging. Elevated in frailty, sarcopenia, and cognitive decline.
    Testing interval
    Every 3–6 months
  • Inflammatory Panelpg/mL

    TNF-α

    Tumor necrosis factor alpha. Master regulator of inflammatory responses and cellular senescence.

    Illustrative optimal range
    < 8.1 pg/mL
    Clinical significance
    Chronically elevated TNF-α drives tissue damage and accelerates biological aging.
    Testing interval
    Every 6 months
  • Inflammatory Panelpg/mL

    GDF-15

    Growth differentiation factor 15. Stress-responsive cytokine that rises dramatically with age.

    Illustrative optimal range
    < 1,200 pg/mL (age-adjusted)
    Clinical significance
    Emerging aging biomarker. Predicts mortality independently of other inflammatory markers.
    Testing interval
    Every 6–12 months

Metabolic Markers

  • Metabolic Markers%

    HbA1c

    Glycated hemoglobin reflecting average blood glucose over 2–3 months.

    Illustrative optimal range
    4.5–5.2%
    Clinical significance
    Glycation accelerates aging through AGE formation. Optimal control extends healthspan.
    Testing interval
    Every 3 months
  • Metabolic MarkersμIU/mL

    Fasting Insulin

    Baseline insulin level indicating insulin sensitivity or resistance.

    Illustrative optimal range
    2–6 μIU/mL
    Clinical significance
    Hyperinsulinemia drives mTOR activation, reduces autophagy, and accelerates aging.
    Testing interval
    Every 3–6 months
  • Metabolic Markersng/mL

    IGF-1

    Insulin-like growth factor 1. Modulates growth, repair, and aging pathways.

    Illustrative optimal range
    100–180 ng/mL (age-adjusted)
    Clinical significance
    Both extremes associated with increased mortality. Moderate levels optimal for longevity.
    Testing interval
    Every 6 months
  • Metabolic Markersratio

    NAD+/NADH Ratio

    Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide redox ratio. Central to mitochondrial energy production.

    Illustrative optimal range
    Higher is generally better (age-adjusted)
    Clinical significance
    NAD+ decline is a hallmark of aging. Ratio reflects mitochondrial health.
    Testing interval
    Every 6 months

Hormonal Panel

  • Hormonal Panelμg/dL

    DHEA-S

    Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Most abundant adrenal hormone, declines steadily with age.

    Illustrative optimal range
    200–400 μg/dL (age-adjusted)
    Clinical significance
    Low DHEA-S correlates with frailty, cognitive decline, and cardiovascular risk.
    Testing interval
    Every 6–12 months
  • Hormonal Panelpg/mL

    Free Testosterone

    Bioavailable testosterone. Critical for muscle, bone, cognition, and metabolic health.

    Illustrative optimal range
    M: 50–150 pg/mL; F: 1–5 pg/mL
    Clinical significance
    Decline associated with sarcopenia, osteoporosis, and metabolic syndrome.
    Testing interval
    Every 6–12 months
  • Hormonal PanelmIU/L

    TSH

    Thyroid-stimulating hormone. Reflects thyroid axis function which changes with aging.

    Illustrative optimal range
    0.5–2.5 mIU/L
    Clinical significance
    Subclinical thyroid dysfunction affects metabolism, cognition, and cardiovascular health.
    Testing interval
    Annually

Cardiovascular

  • Cardiovascularmg/dL

    ApoB

    Apolipoprotein B. Single best measure of atherogenic lipoprotein particle concentration.

    Illustrative optimal range
    < 80 mg/dL (longevity-focused: < 60)
    Clinical significance
    Cumulative ApoB exposure is the primary driver of atherosclerosis.
    Testing interval
    Every 6–12 months
  • Cardiovascularnmol/L

    Lp(a)

    Lipoprotein(a). Genetically determined, highly atherogenic particle.

    Illustrative optimal range
    < 75 nmol/L (ideal: < 30)
    Clinical significance
    Independent risk factor for coronary artery disease and aortic stenosis. Largely genetic.
    Testing interval
    Once (genetic), then as needed

Organ Function

  • Organ Functionmg/L

    Cystatin C

    Superior marker of kidney function compared to creatinine. Less affected by muscle mass.

    Illustrative optimal range
    0.55–0.85 mg/L
    Clinical significance
    Kidney decline is a hallmark of aging. Cystatin C predicts cardiovascular events independently.
    Testing interval
    Every 6–12 months
  • Organ FunctionU/L

    GGT

    Gamma-glutamyl transferase. Marker of liver health and oxidative stress.

    Illustrative optimal range
    M: 10–26 U/L; F: 7–18 U/L
    Clinical significance
    Elevated GGT predicts cardiovascular mortality, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.
    Testing interval
    Every 6 months